Gebruiker:Elwin
Test
[1](https://climatecommunication.yale.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Five-Facts-Ten-Words-1.pdf)
[2](https://showyourstripes.info/c)
[3](https://globalcarbonbudget.org/)
[4](https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1816020116)
[5](https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2411258121)
[6](https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpub/article/PIIS2468-2667\(24\)00055-0/fulltext)
[7](https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/74/12/812/7808595#498670967)
[8](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15487733.2021.1949847#abstract)
[9](https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/deebef5d-0c34-4539-9d0c-10b13d840027/NetZeroby2050-ARoadmapfortheGlobalEnergySector_CORR.pdf)
[10](https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2023/03/Doc5_Adopted_AR6_SYR_Longer_Report.pdf)
[11](https://www.shell.com/news-and-insights/scenarios/the-energy-security-scenarios.html)
277/CAT\_2024-11-14\_GlobalUpdate\_COP29.pdf(https://climateactiontracker.org/documents/1277/CAT_2024-11-14_GlobalUpdate_COP29.pdf)
[12](https://www.planetaryhealthcheck.org/)
[13](https://www.nature.com/articles/461472a)
Test
De biosfeer is de zone van het leven op Aarde. Het is het wereldwijde ecologische systeem dat alle levende wezens en hun onderlinge relaties omvat, inclusief hun interacties met de onderdelen van de lithosfeer, cryosfeer, hydrosfeer en atmosfeer. [14](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosphere)
[15](https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/01/climate/asheville-climate-change-flood.html)
[16](https://www.nytimes.com/2025/01/10/opinion/la-fires-los-angeles-wildfires.html?smid=nytcore-ios-share&referringSource=articleShare)
[17](https://www.nature.com/articles/s43017-019-0005-6)
[18](https://climate.copernicus.eu/global-climate-highlights-2024)
[19](https://news.climate.columbia.edu/2021/10/04/attribution-science-linking-climate-change-to-extreme-weather/)
[20](https://interactive.carbonbrief.org/attribution-studies/index.html)
[21](https://www.worldweatherattribution.org/)
[22](https://climateattribution.org/)
[23](https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1190653)
[24](https://www.howglobalwarmingworks.org/)
[25](https://news.climate.columbia.edu/2021/02/25/carbon-dioxide-cause-global-warming/)
[26](https://www.dcceew.gov.au/climate-change/policy/climate-science/understanding-climate-change)
Zanden, J. L. van, Goethem, T. van, Lenders, H. J. R., & Schaminée, J. (2021). *De ontdekking van de natuur: de ontwikkeling van biodiversiteit in Nederland van ijstijd tot 21ste eeuw*. Prometheus.
[27](https://www.nature.com/articles/ngeo668)
[28](https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4924029)
[History of Earth - in brief](https://youtu.be/2LMfSTq4JIY?si=HyKpmLoslbzfvwig)
[29](https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/74/12/812/7808595#498670967)
[30](https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adi5177)
[31](https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ads1526)
[32](https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2024/09/20/de-laatste-485-miljoen-jaar-was-de-aarde-vijf-keer-extreem-heet-en-altijd-was-co2-de-hoofdverdachte-a4866423)
[33](https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adk3705)
[34](https://www.marum.de/en/Dr.-thomas-westerhold/CENOGRID.html)
[35](https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aba6853)
[36](https://science.nasa.gov/science-research/earth-science/milankovitch-orbital-cycles-and-their-role-in-earths-climate/)
[37](https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/news/climate-change-context-paleoclimate)
[38](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012825224000837)
[39](https://gml.noaa.gov/ccgg/trends/history.html)
[40](https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/CarbonCycle/page4.php)
[41](https://www.nature.com/articles/nature06949)
[42](https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.1141038)
[43](https://earth.org/data_visualization/a-brief-history-of-co2/)
[44](https://www.nature.com/articles/nature10915)
[45](https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adk3705)
[46](https://www.nioz.nl/en/news/co2-puts-heavier-stamp-on-temperature-than-thought)
[47](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-47676-9)
[48](https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adk3705)
[49](https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/15/5301/2023/)
[50](https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2024/oct/14/nature-carbon-sink-collapse-global-heating-models-emissions-targets-evidence-aoe)
[51](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2407.12447)
[52](https://xcaliburmp.com/solution/smart-natural-carbon-sink/)
[53](https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/15/5301/2023/)
[54](https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/15/5301/2023/)
[55](https://skepticalscience.com/co2-residence-time.htm)
[56](https://archive.ipcc.ch/pdf/glossary/ar4-wg1.pdf)
[57](https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/CarbonCycle)
[58](https://carbontracker.org/energy-is-a-very-long-game-yet-fossil-fuel-companies-are-taking-a-lot-of-short-term-risks/)
[59](https://ourworldindata.org/greenhouse-gas-emissions)
[60](https://climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/carbon-dioxide/?intent=121)
[61](https://ourworldindata.org/co2-emissions)
[62](https://globalcarbonbudget.org/fossil-co2-emissions-at-record-high-in-2023/)
[63](https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/science/articles/10.3389/fsci.2023.1256273/full)
[64](https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/science/articles/10.3389/fsci.2023.1327653/full)
[65](https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-will-global-warming-stop-as-soon-as-net-zero-emissions-are-reached/)
[66](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-75481-z)
[67](https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2007GL032388)
[68](https://www.climate-lab-book.ac.uk/2017/defining-pre-industrial/)
[69](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_concrete)
[70](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-43660-x)
[71](https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-co2-cement)
[72](https://science.nasa.gov/earth/climate-change/steamy-relationships-how-atmospheric-water-vapor-amplifies-earths-greenhouse-effect/)
[73](https://skepticalscience.com/water-vapor-greenhouse-gas.htm)
[74](https://www.usgs.gov/news/featured-story/climate-warming-likely-cause-large-increases-wetland-methane-emissions)
[75](https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/carbon-management-and-fossil-fuels/methane-emissions_en)
[76](https://climate.mit.edu/ask-mit/how-much-does-natural-gas-contribute-climate-change-through-co2-emissions-when-fuel-burned)
[77](https://theconversation.com/i-was-an-exxon-funded-climate-scientist-49855)
[78](https://science2017.globalchange.gov/chapter/2/)
[79](https://www.globalcarbonproject.org/methanebudget/index.htm)
[80](https://essd.copernicus.org/preprints/essd-2024-115/)
[81](https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ad6463)
[82](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-024-01574-3)
[83](https://skepticalscience.com/volcanoes-and-global-warming.htm)
[84](https://mynasadata.larc.nasa.gov/basic-page/about-earth-system-background-information)
[85](https://scied.ucar.edu/learning-zone/earth-system)
Lenton, T. (2016). *Earth system science: a very short introduction*. Oxford University Press.
Westbroek, P. (2013). *De ontdekking van de aarde: het grote verhaal van een kleine planeet*. Balans.
[86](https://www.nature.com/articles/328123a0.epdf)
[87](https://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2004/12/how-do-we-know-that-recent-cosub2sub-increases-are-due-to-human-activities-updated/)
[88](https://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/wxwise/homerbe.html)
[89](https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate2876)
[90](https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/15/1675/2023/)
[91](https://thecolumn.ahacentre.org/insight/vol-66-getting-to-know-el-nino-la-nina/)
[92](https://celebrating200years.noaa.gov/magazine/enso/el_nino.html)
[93](https://www.climate.gov/news-features/featured-images/global-impacts-el-ni%C3%B1o-and-la-ni%C3%B1a)
[94](https://www.theclimatebrink.com/p/how-unusual-is-current-post-el-nino)
[95](https://www.theclimatebrink.com/p/how-unusual-is-current-post-el-nino)
[96](https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-024-04242-z)
[97](https://climate.copernicus.eu/global-climate-highlights-2024)
[98](https://berkeleyearth.org/global-temperature-report-for-2024/)
[99](https://www.carbonbrief.org/state-of-the-climate-2024-sets-a-new-record-as-the-first-year-above-1-5c/)
[100](https://climate.copernicus.eu/new-record-daily-global-average-temperature-reached-july-2024)
[101](https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/advance-article/doi/10.1093/biosci/biae087/7808595)
[102](https://scitechdaily.com/understanding-the-forces-behind-2024s-extreme-weather/)
[103](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00376-025-4540-4)
[104](https://www.climate-lab-book.ac.uk/2021/climate-indicators/)
[105](https://www.carbonbrief.org/guest-post-why-does-land-warm-up-faster-than-the-oceans/)
[106](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6675609/)
[107](https://pastglobalchanges.org/science/wg/2k-network/intro)
[108](https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/1999GL900070)
[109](https://wmo.int/publication-series/wmo-greenhouse-gas-bulletin-no-20)
[110](https://www.unep.org/resources/emissions-gap-report-2023)
[111](https://science2017.globalchange.gov/chapter/executive-summary/)
[112](https://www.theguardian.com/environment/article/2024/may/08/world-scientists-climate-failure-survey-global-temperature)
[113](https://marine.copernicus.eu/news/heat-stored-earth-system-where-does-energy-go)
[114](https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2021GL093047)
[115](https://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2004/12/how-do-we-know-that-recent-cosub2sub-increases-are-due-to-human-activities-updated/)
[116](https://climatelabbook.substack.com/)
[117](https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/world-of-change/global-temperatures)
[118](https://www.carbonbrief.org/guest-post-why-does-land-warm-up-faster-than-the-oceans/)
[119](https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4964)
https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/syr/synthesis-report/
[120](https://www.climate-lab-book.ac.uk/2020/2019-years/)
[121](https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2011GL050168)
[122](https://skepticalscience.com/grand-solar-minimum-barely-dent-AGW.html)
[123](https://climate.copernicus.eu/global-climate-highlights-2024)
[124](https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-global-temperature)
[125](https://scied.ucar.edu/learning-zone/earth-system/climate-system/feedback-loops-tipping-points)
[126](https://www.cell.com/one-earth/fulltext/S2590-3322\(23\)00004-0)
[127](https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.aag2345)
[128](https://scientistswarning.forestry.oregonstate.edu/climate-feedback-loops-project)
[129](https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.1171264)
[130](https://www.nature.com/articles/nature14338)
[131](https://sachsen-anhalt.nabu.de/natur-und-landschaft/wald/info.html)
[132](https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms13428)
[133](https://research.fs.usda.gov/nrs/products/rooted-research/understanding-old-growth-forest-carbon-storage-potential-central)
[134](https://ijw.org/wild-carbon-storage-in-old-forests/)
[135](https://oldgrowthforestecology.org/ecological-values-of-old-growth-forests/ecological-processes-and-functions/carbon-sequestration-and-storage/)
[136](https://ecolres.hun-ren.hu/en/carbon-sequestration-in-primary-and-old-growth-forests-in-europe-is-much-higher-than-previously-thought/)
[137](https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01416-5)
[138](https://www.nature.com/articles/nature07276)
[139](https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2014RG000449)
[140](https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2026290118)
[141](https://www.nature.com/articles/nature12829)
[142](https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.aau5153)
[143](https://www.nature.com/articles/s43017-021-00144-0)
[144](https://www.cell.com/one-earth/fulltext/S2590-3322\(23\)00004-0)
[145](https://scientistswarning.forestry.oregonstate.edu/sites/default/files/feedbacks%20SI.pdf)
[146](https://global-tipping-points.org/)
[147](https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/climate-tipping-points_abc5a69e-en)
[148](https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2103081118)
[149](https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-nine-tipping-points-that-could-be-triggered-by-climate-change/)
[150](https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.1810141115)
[151](https://scitechdaily.com/how-close-are-we-to-the-climates-point-of-no-return/)
[152](https://www.carbonbrief.org/every-0-1c-of-overshoot-above-1-5c-increases-risk-of-crossing-tipping-points/)
[153](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-49863-0)
[154](https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abn7950)
[155](https://www.carbonbrief.org/tipping-points-how-could-they-shape-the-worlds-response-to-climate-change/)
[156](https://report-2023.global-tipping-points.org/)
[157](https://www.grida.no/resources/13363)
[158](https://www.coolantarctica.com/Antarctica%20fact%20file/size-antarctica-comparison-continents.php)
[159](https://scar-iasc.de/en/ice-sheets-tipping-points-for-sea-level-rise/)
[160](https://johnenglander.net/climate-change-what-antarcticas-doomsday-glacier-means-for-the-planet-financial-times/thwaites-map/)
[161](https://thwaitesglacier.org/about/facts)
[162](https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/15/5187/2021/)
[163](https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2404766121)
[164](https://www.npr.org/2024/05/21/1252727848/antarctica-thwaites-glacier-climate-change-sea-level-rise)
[165](https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4804/)
[166](https://scitechdaily.com/melting-faster-than-ever-greenland-loses-610-gigatons-of-ice-in-one-summer/)
[167](https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/clim/37/18/JCLI-D-23-0396.1.xml)
[168](https://scitechdaily.com/ancient-antarctic-ice-melt-increased-sea-levels-by-over-3-meters-and-were-headed-there-again/)
[169](https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.1902469117)
[170](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03427-0)
[171](https://sealevel.nasa.gov/news/261/melting-ocean-ice-affects-sea-level-unlike-ice-cubes-in-a-glass/)
[172](https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-022-00498-3)
[173](https://www.grida.no/resources/13363)
[174](https://scitechdaily.com/chilling-consequences-the-hidden-carbon-surge-in-thawing-permafrost/)
[175](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-024-01440-2)
[176](https://www.nature.com/articles/nature14338)
[177](https://scitechdaily.com/dispelling-the-doomsday-myth-new-research-reveals-there-is-no-global-ticking-time-bomb-in-permafrost-thaw/)
[178](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-024-02011-4)
[179](https://www.noaa.gov/news-release/arctic-tundra-becoming-source-of-carbon-dioxide-emissions)
[180](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-75481-z)
[181](https://www.grida.no/resources/13363)
[182](https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/press-release/temperature-rise-locked-coming-decades-arctic)
[183](https://www.livescience.com/planet-earth/rivers-oceans/we-dont-really-consider-it-low-probability-anymore-collapse-of-key-atlantic-current-could-have-catastrophic-impacts-says-oceanographer-stefan-rahmstorf)
[184](https://www.as.wvu.edu/biology/bio463/Broecker_1997.pdf)
[185](https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adk1189)
1 Sverdrup of 1 Sv \= 1,000,000 m3/s.
[186](https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/largest-waterfall.html)
[187](https://www.nature.com/articles/nature01090)
[188](https://www.meteoswiss.admin.ch/weather/weather-and-climate-from-a-to-z/gulf-stream.html)
1 Sverdrup of 1 Sv \= 1,000,000 m3/s.
[189](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-024-01568-1)
[190](https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adk1189)
[191](https://www.nature.com/articles/s43016-019-0011-3)
[192](https://insideclimatenews.org/news/09022024/climate-impacts-from-collapse-of-atlantic-meridional-overturning-current-could-be-worse-than-expected/)
[193](https://www.wfla.com/weather/climate-classroom/worlds-most-important-ocean-current-in-danger-of-collapse/)
[194](https://www.livescience.com/planet-earth/rivers-oceans/we-dont-really-consider-it-low-probability-anymore-collapse-of-key-atlantic-current-could-have-catastrophic-impacts-says-oceanographer-stefan-rahmstorf)
[195](https://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/mensch/klimawandel-bedrohte-nordatlantikstroemung-amoc-was-wenn-es-ploetzlich-kaelter-wird-a-3e848f1d-45ef-4d79-9704-b8402c538abc)
[196](https://en.vedur.is/media/ads_in_header/AMOC-letter_Final.pdf)
[197](https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.1601666)
[198](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-024-01568-1)
[199](https://theconversation.com/meltwater-from-greenland-and-the-arctic-is-weakening-ocean-circulation-speeding-up-warming-down-south-238302)
[200](https://www.carbonbrief.org/tipping-points-how-could-they-shape-the-worlds-response-to-climate-change/)
[201](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-024-02196-8)
[202](https://www.theguardian.com/environment/article/2024/may/08/world-scientists-climate-failure-survey-global-temperature)
[203](https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2411258121)
[204](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41612-021-00202-w)
[205](https://www.worldweatherattribution.org/when-risks-become-reality-extreme-weather-in-2024/)
[206](https://climate.copernicus.eu/copernicus-second-warmest-november-globally-confirms-expectation-2024-warmest-year)
[207](https://www.carbonbrief.org/state-of-the-climate-2024-now-very-likely-to-be-warmest-year-on-record/)
[208](https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-how-low-sulphur-shipping-rules-are-affecting-global-warming/)
[209](https://climate.copernicus.eu/global-climate-highlights-2024)
[210](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41612-024-00783-2)
[211](https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.aaw1838)
[212](https://decorrespondent.nl/15521/hittedoden-door-klimaatverandering-wat-weten-we-nu-echt/cd1bbbf2-25ee-03d9-3a2a-a1d4a4399db6?pk_campaign=daily&mc_cid=3577a822bb#comment-693375)
[213](https://horizons.hdr.undp.org/)
[214](https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ad7617)
[215](https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/understanding-climate/uk-and-global-extreme-events-heavy-rainfall-and-floods)
[216](https://www.dw.com/en/in-the-aftermath-of-flooding-in-spain-and-elsewhere-5-charts-to-help-explain-climate-science-v2/a-69289787)
[217](https://www.uu.nl/en/organisation/in-depth/heatwaves-and-droughts)
[218](https://theconversation.com/how-does-hail-grow-to-the-size-of-golf-balls-and-even-grapefruit-the-science-behind-this-destructive-weather-phenomenon-231587)
[219](https://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/clausius-clapeyron-gesetz-wie-sich-das-extremwetter-am-mittelmeer-durch-formel-erklaeren-laesst-a-228942e0-99ba-4cf6-b1ce-fc23f79d9372)
[220](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212094719301720)
[221](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41612-021-00202-w)
[222](https://www.worldweatherattribution.org/)
[223](https://milieudefensie.nl/actueel/alweer-regen-wordt-het-nou-natter-of-droger)
[224](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Dorian)
[225](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Beryl)
[226](https://www.sciencenews.org/article/rapid-intensification-hurricanes-helene)
[227](https://www.cnn.com/2024/09/30/weather/hurricane-helene-recovery-cleanup-monday/index.html)
[228](https://scijinks.gov/hurricane/)
[229](https://reliefweb.int/report/world/2023-review-climate-disasters-claimed-12000-lives-globally-2023)
[230](https://apps.climate.copernicus.eu/global-temperature-trend-monitor/)
[231](https://climateactiontracker.org/global/cat-thermometer/)
[232](https://academic.oup.com/oocc/article/3/1/kgad008/7335889#423296607)
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